______ some degree, all managers who supervise people are involved in HR activities.

These changes will affect all managers and to a lesser ______ some ordinary workers.

A．range

B．scale

C．degree

D．scope

？Read the article below about levels of management.

？Choose the best word to fill each gap from A, B, C or D.

？For each Question 21-30, mark one letter (A, B, C or D) on your Answer Sheet.

The three basic levels of management are top, middle, and first-line management.

The fairly small number of executives who guide the fortunes of most companies are (21) managers. Common titles for top managers include President, Vice President, Treasurer, Chief (22) Officer (CEO), and Chief Financial Officer (CFO). Top managers are responsible to the board of directors and stockholders of the firm for its overall (23) and effectiveness. They set general policies, formulate strategies, oversee all significant decisions, and represent the company in its (24) other businesses and government.

Although they are below the ranks of the top executives, middle managers (25) positions of considerable autonomy and importance. Titles such as Plant Manager, Operations Manager, and Division Manager are typical of middle-management slots. (26) , middle managers are responsible for implementing the strategies, policies, and decisions made by top managers. For example, if top management decides to bring (27) a new product in 12 months or to cut costs by 5 percent, middle management will have to decide to increase the pace of new product development or to reduce the plant's work force. With companies increasingly seeking ways to cut (28) , howerer, the job of middle manager has lately become an unsteady one in many large companies.

At the bottom of the management hierarchy are first-line managers, who supervise the work of employees. First-line managers hold (29) such as Supervisor, Office Manager, and Foreman. First-line managers tend to spend most of their time working with and supervising the employees who (30) to them. Some have entered the firm without a college degree or have been promoted from within the company.

(21)

A．top

B．down

C．utmost

D．supervisor

Most companies expect IT (Information Technology) managers to head an IT staff of computer technicians. But IT managers can also specialize in other areas. Some managers may also be responsible for keeping their company’s Internet safety. They protect both their company and their online customers from thieves.

Other managers focus more on the business rather than the technical part of computing. They become project managers, helping companies reach as many online customers as possible.

Some companies also look for IT managers who can act as trainers. These trainers help a company’s computer technicians keep up-to-date on computer skills.

Most companies require their IT managers to have both a bachelor’s degree and some experience in the computer field. Often, companies hire IT managers out of their existing staff of computer technicians.

Since IT managers are extremely important to companies’ success, it’s no surprise that they receive such high salaries – around US $56,000 a year to start with. And, in such a fast-changing field,

managers’ salaries usually increase after only a couple of years.

The world will be watching to see just how quickly e-commerce replaces the old ways of doing business. And as computers change the way the world does business, IT managers will be in the middle of it all. Few companies can survive without them.

Besides being the leader of computer technicians, IT managers are also expected to be ________.

(A) experienced product designers

(B) skilled online technicians

(C) doctorate holders

(D) online safety specialists

？Read the article below about Ievels Of management．

？Choose the correct word to fill each gap from A，B，C or D．

？For each question(21-30)，mark one letter(A，B，C or D)on your Answer Sheet．

The three basic levels of management are top，middle，and first-line top．

The fairly small number of executives who guide the fortunes of most companies are (21) managers．Common titles for top managers include President，Vice President，Treasurer，Chief (22) Officer(CEO)，and Chief Financial Officer (CFO)．Top managers are responsible to the board of directors and stockhoIders of the firm for its overall (23) and effectiveness．They set general policies，formulate strategies，oversee all significant decisions，and represent the company in its (24) other businesses and government．

Although they are below the ranks of the top executives，middle managers (25) positions of considerable autonomy and importance．Titles such as P1ant Manager，Operations Manager，and Division Manager are typical of middle-management slots． (26) ，middle managers are responsible for implementing the strategies． policies，and decisions made by top managers．For example，if top management decides to bring (27) a new product in 12 months or to cut costs by 5 percent，middle management will have to decide to increase the pace of new product development or to reduce the plant'S work force．With companies increasingly seeking ways to cut (28) ，however，the job of middle manager has lately become an unsteady one in many large companies．

At the bottom of the management hierarchy are first-line managers，who supervise the work of employees．First-line managers hold (29) ．such as Supervisor，Office Manager，and Foreman．First-line managers tend to spend most of their time working with and supervising the employees who (30) to them．Some have entered the firm without a college degree or have been promoted from within the company．

(22)

A．top

B．down

C．utmost

D．supervisor