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It has been argued that art does not reproduce the visible-it makes things visible-but thi

It has been argued that art does not reproduce the visible-it makes things

visible-but this does not go far enough. In fact, visual art explores and reveals

the brain's perceptual capabilities and the laws governing it, among which two

Line stand supreme: law of constancy and law of abstraction. According to the law of

(5) constancy, the visual brain's function is to seek knowledge of the constant

properties of objects and surfaces: the distance, the viewing point, and the

illumination conditions change continually, yet the brain is able to discard these

changes in categorizing an object. It was an unacknowledged attempt to mimic

the perceptual abilities of the brain that led the founders of Cubism, Picasso and

(10) Braque, to alter the point of view, the distance and the lighting conditions in

their early, analytic period.

The second law is that of abstraction, the process in which the particular is

subordinated to the general, so that the representation is applicable to many

particulars. This second law has strong affinities with the first, because without

(15) it, the brain would be enslaved to the particular; the capacity to abstract is also

probably imposed on the brain by the limitations of its memory system, because

it eliminates the need to recall every detail. Art, too, abstracts and thus

externalizes the inner workings of the brain, so that its primordial function is a

reflection of the function of the brain.

(20) Through a process that has yet to be physiologically charted, cells in the

brain seem to be able to recognize objects in a view-invariant manner after brief

exposure to several distinct views synthesized by them. The artist, too, forms

abstractions, through a process that may share similarities with the

physiological processes now being unraveled but certainly goes beyond them, in

(25) that the abstract idea itself mutates with the artist's development. But

abstraction, a key feature of an efficient knowledge-acquiring system, also

exacts a heavy price on the individual, for which art may be a refuge and the

abstract "ideal" can lead to a deep discontent, because the daily experience is

that of particulars. Michelangelo left three-fifths of his sculptures unfinished,

(30) but he had not abandoned them in haste: he often worked on them for years,

because time and again the sublimity of his ideas lay beyond the reach of his

hands, impressing on him the hopelessness of translating into a single work or a

series of sculptures the synthetic ideals formed in his brain. Critics have written

in emotional and lyrical terms about these unfinished works, perhaps because,

(35) being unfinished, the spectator can finish them and thus satisfy the ideals of his

or her brain. This is only qualitatively different from finished works with the

inestimable quality of ambiguity-a characteristic of all great art-that allows

the brain of the viewer to interpret the work in a number of ways, all of them

equally valid.

The author argues that aesthetic creation is useful to an understanding of the visual brain because it

A．allows abstract ideas to mutate into new and hitherto untested forms

B．helps scientists synthesize several distinct views of the operation of the brain

C．manifests in an observable form. the laws by which the brain functions

D．subordinates the particular to the general, streamlining the artistic process

E．establishes the constant and essential properties of objects and surfaces

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更多“It has been argued that art do…”相关的问题

第1题

5 International Financial Reporting Standards （IFRSs) are primarily designed for use by pu

5 International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs) are primarily designed for use by publicly listed companies and

in many countries the majority of companies using IFRSs are listed companies. In other countries IFRSs are used as

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argued that the same IFRSs should be used by all entities or alternatively a different body of standards should apply

to small and medium entities (SMEs).

Required:

(a) Discuss whether there is a need to develop a set of IFRSs specifically for SMEs. (7 marks)

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第2题

Text 4Jill Ker Conway ,president of Smith ,echoes the prevailing view of contemporary tech

Text 4

Jill Ker Conway ,president of Smith ,echoes the prevailing view of contemporary technology when she says that " anyone in today's world who doesn't understand data processing is not educated. " But she insists that the mcreasing emphasis on these matters leave certain gaps. Says she: "The very strongly utilitarian emphasis in education ,which is an effect of man-made satellites and the cold war, has really removed from this culture something that was very profound in its 18th and 19th century roots ,which was a sense that literacy and learning were ends in themselves for a demo- cratic republic. "

In contrast to Plato's claim for the social value of education,a quite different idea of intellectu-al purposes was advocated by the Renaissance humanists. Ovejoyed with their rediscovery of the classical leaming that was thought to have disappeared during the Dark Ages,they argued that the imparting of knowledge needs no justification-religious ,social ,economic ,or political. Its purpose,to the extent that it has one ,is to pass on from generation to generation the corpus of knowledge that constitutes civilization. "What could man acquire ,by virtuous striving ,that is more valuable than knowledge？" asked Erasmus ,perhaps the greatest scholar of the early 16th century. That idea has acquired a tradition of its own. "The educational process has no end beyond itself," said John Dewey. "It is its own end. "

But what exactly is the corpus of knowledge to be passed on？ In simpler times ,it was all included in the medieval universities' Quadrivium (arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music ) and Trivium(grammar, thetoric ,logic). As recently as the last century ,when less than 5% of Americans went to college at all, students in New England establishments were compelled mainly to memorize and recite various Latin texts,and crusty professors angrily opposed the introduction of any new scientific discoveries or modern European languages. "They felt," said regretfully Charles Francis Adams, Jr. ,the Union Pacific Railroad president who devoted his later years to writing history ,"that a classical education was the important distinction between a man who had been to college and a man who had not been to college ,and that anything that diminished the importance of this distinction was essentially revolutionary and tended to anarchy. "

56. The first paragraph shows that Jill Ker Conway accepts utilitarian emphasis in education

[A] wholeheartedly.

[B] with reservation.

[C] against her own will.

[D] with contempt.

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第3题

Many Native Americans closely resemble Asians. This has led most scientists to （1) believe somet

Many Native Americans closely resemble Asians. This has led most scientists to(1)believe something about Native Americans. They think that most Native Americans(2)from a distant group of people. These people(3)from Siberia across the Bering Strait, between 17,000-11,000 years ago. The exact time and 4 is still under question. That is, it is still a(n)(5)of debate. The time they traveled and the route they took is still being argued, as is whether it happened(6).

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第4题

The use of deferential （敬重的) language is symbolic of the Confucian ideal of the woman,

The use of deferential (敬重的) language is symbolic of the Confucian ideal of the woman, which dominates conservative gender norms in Japan. This ideal presents a woman who withdraws quietly to the background, subordinating her life and needs to those of her family and its male head. She is a dutiful daughter, wife and mother, master of the domestic arts. The typical refined Japanese woman excels in modesty and delicacy; she "treads softly (谨言慎行) in the world," elevating feminine beauty and grace to an art form.

Nowadays, it is commonly observed that young women are not conforming to the feminine linguistic (语言的)ideal. They are using fewer of the very deferential "women's" forms, and even using the few strong forms that are known as "men's". This, of course, attracts considerable attention and has led to an outcry in the Japanese media against the defeminization of women's language. Indeed, we didn't hear about "men's language" until people began to respond to girls' appropriation of forms normally reserved for boys and men. There is considerable sentiment about the "corruption" of women's language—which of course is viewed as part of the loss of feminine ideals and morality—and this sentiment is crystallized by nationwide opinion polls that are regularly carried out by the media.

Yoshiko Matsumoto has argued that young women probably never used as many of the highly deferential forms as older women. This highly polite style. is no doubt something that young women have been expected to "grow into"—after all, it is a sign not simply of femininity, but of maturity and refinement, and its use could be taken to indicate a change in the nature of one's social relations as well. One might well imagine little girls using exceedingly polite forms when playing house or imitating older women—in a fashion analogous to little girls' use of a high-pitched voice to do "teacher talk" or "mother talk" in role play.

The fact that young Japanese women are using less deferential language is a sure sign of change—of social change and of linguistic change. But it is most certainly not a sign of the "masculinization" of girls. In some instances, it may be a sign that girls are making the same claim to authority as boys and men, but that is very different from saying that they are trying to be "masculine". Katsue Reynolds has argued that girls nowadays are using more assertive language strategies in order to be able to compete with boys in schools and out. Social change also brings not simply different positions for women and girls, but different relations to life stages, and adolescent girls are participating in new subcultural forms. Thus what may, to an older speaker, seem like "masculine" speech may seem to an adolescent like "liberated" or "hip" speech.

The first paragraph describes in detail ___________.

A．the standards set for contemporary Japanese women

B．the Confucian influence on gender norms in Japan

C．the stereotyped role of women in Japanese families

D．the norms for traditional Japanese women to follow

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第5题

__________ There are more households living in actual poverty than there are household
s below the poverty line. A recent report states that as much as 30% of Americans have trouble making ends meet and other advocates have made supporting claims that the rate of actual poverty in the US is far higher than that calculated by using the poverty line. While the poverty line is updated for inflation every year, the basket of goods used to determine what constitutes being deprived of a socially acceptable minimum standard of living has not been updated since 1955.

A.The issue of understating poverty is especially pressing in the states with both a high cost and a high poverty rate such as California.

B.The poverty line lost all connection over time with current consumption patterns of the average family.

C.Many sociologists and government officials have argued that poverty in the US is understated.

D.The official poverty line today is essentially what it takes in today's dollars to purchase the same poverty-line level of living half a century ago.

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第6题

The advantage and disadvantage of a large population have long been a subject of discussio
n. It has been argued that the supply of good land is limited. To feed a large population, inferior land must be cultivated and the good land worked intensively. Thus each person produced less and this means a lower average income that could be obtained with a small population. Other economists have argued that a large population gives more scope for specialization and the development of facilities such as ports, roads and railways, which are not likely to be built unless there is a big demand to justify them.

One of the difficulties on carrying out a world-wide birth control program lies in the fact that official attitudes to population growth vary from country to country, depending on the level of industrial development and the availability of food and raw materials. In the developing country where a vastly expanded population is pressing hard upon the limits of food, space and natural resources, it will be first concern of government to place a limit on the birthrate, whatever the consequences may be. In a highly industrialized society the problem may be more complex. A decreasing birthrate may lead to unemployment because it results in a declining market for manufactured goods. When the pressure of population on housing declines, prices also decline and the building industry is weakened. Faced with considerations such as these, the government of a developed country may well prefer to see a slowly increasing population, rather than one which is stable of declines.

Small population may mean ______.

A．higher productlvity, but a lower average income

B．lower productivity, but a higher average income

C．lower productivity and a lower average income

D．higher productivity and a higher average income

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第7题

T he plan has been over fulfilled by now.英译汉

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第8题

John has never been on time, ______？ A) has John B) hasn't John C) has he D) hasn'

John has never been on time, ______？

A) has John B) hasn't John C) has he D) hasn't he

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第9题

"Congratulations, Mr. Cooper, it's a girl. "Fatherhood is going to have a different meanin

"Congratulations, Mr. Cooper, it's a girl. "

Fatherhood is going to have a different meaning and【31】a different response from every man who hears these words. Some feel【32】when they receive the news,【33】others worry, wondering whether they will be good father.【34】there are some men who like children and may have had【35】experience with them, others do not particularly【36】children and spend little time with them. Many fathers and mothers have been planning and looking forward to children for some time.【37】other couples, pregnancy was an accident that both husband and wife have【38】willingly or unwillingly.

Whatever the【39】to the birth of a child, it is obvious that the shift from the role of husband to【40】of father is a difficult task.【41】, unfortunately, few attempts have been made to【42】fathers in this resocialization【43】. Although numerous books have been written about American mothers,【44】recently has literature focused on the【45】of a father.

It is argued that the transition to the father's role, although difficult, is not【46】as great as the transition the wife must【47】to the mother's role. The mother's role seems to require a complete【48】in daily routine.【49】, the father's role is less demanding and【50】

(32)

A．bring forth

B．bring down

C．bring off

D．bring in

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第10题

Questions are based on the following passage．England has long been the jurisdiction （辖区

Questions are based on the following passage．

England has long been the jurisdiction （辖区） of choice for wives who have the luxury of being able to choose where they divorce．English law tries to（36）lifelong need and fairness．The poorer partner（37）a wife bringing up children——can expect housing and many years of income， especially if she has（38）her career for the marriage．

A court ruling on February 23rd has nonetheless continued a recent（39）of turning the scales a little for husbands．Tracey Wright objected to her ex-husband"s bid to cut her ￡ 75，000 annual（40）， awarded after an 11-year marriage failed in 2008． She argued that she was too busy with the two children even to look for work．She lost， on（41）Lord Justice Pitchford said Mr．Wright"s payments should drop off as he neared retirement and that his ex-wife should get a job．

The ruling is a（42）landmark chiefly because it sets out a mother"s duty at least to have to seek a job as her children grow older．As David Hodson， a specialist lawyer， notes， that principle has long applied to poor women when it comes to（43）welfare benefits．But an ex-wife will still be able to argue that no（44）work is available for her and that she needs her ex-husband"s help in order to keep up her own and her children"s living standards．Such arguments would（45）little ice in most other countries．

A．appeal

B．balance

C．claiming

D．currently

E．cut

F．decent

G．legal

H．maintenance

I．provide

J．purpose

K．sacrificed

L．suitable

M．suspended

N．trend

O．Typically

第（36）题应填__________ 查看材料

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第11题

Don’t interrupt him. He （) to the weather forecast.

A.listens

B.is listening

C.has listened

D.has been listening

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