Two nuclear power stations _______ in the past ten years.
A.are built
B.have been built
C.would be built
D.are building
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更多“Two nuclear power stations ___…”相关的问题
第1题
A.A.presentation
B.B.precaution
C.C.preparation
D.D.prediction
第2题
A.1 0
B.9
C.8
D.7
第3题
A．of which
B．of the two
C．of them
D．of the plants
第4题
Secondly, there is a problem of wastes. All nuclear power stations produce wastes which【9】will remain radioactive for thousands of years. It is【10】to de-active these wastes, and so they must be stored【11】one of the ingenious but cumbersome ways that scientists have invented. For example, they must be buried under the ground【12】sunk in the sea. However, these【13】do not solve the problem completely, they merely store it, since an earth-quake could【14】open the containers like nuts.
Thirdly, there is the problem of accidental exposure【15】to a leak or an explosion at the power station.【16】with the other two hazards, this is not very likely and does not provide a serious【17】to the nuclear program,【18】it can happen, as the inhabitants of Harrisburg will tell you.
Separately and during short periods, these three types of risk are no great cause for concern. 【19】though, and especially【20】much longer periods, the probability of a disaster is extremely high.
(1)
A．related
B．connected
C．associated
D．affiliated
第5题
The greatest fear of nuclear power opponents has always been a reactor “melt down”. Today, the chances of a meltdown that would threatenUSApublic health are testing new reactors that rely not on human judgment to shut them down but on the laws of nature. Now General Electric is already building two advanced reactors in. But don't expect them even on USA shores unless things change in Washington.
The procedure for licensing nuclear power plants is a bad dream. Any time during, or even after, construction, an objection by any group or individual can bring everything to a halt while the matter is investigated or taken to court. Meanwhile, the builder must add nice, but not necessary improvements, some of which force him to knock down walls and start over. In every case when a plant has been opposed, the Nuclear Regulation Commission has ultimately granted a license to construct or operate. But the victory often costs so much that the utility ends up abandoning the plant anyway.
A case in point is the Shoreham plant onNew York'sLong Island. Shoreham was a virtual twin to the Millstone plant in, both ordered in the mid 60s '. Millstone, complete for $ 101 million, has been generating electricity for two decades. Shoreham, however, was singled out by antinuclear activists who, by sending in endless protests, drove the cost over $5 billion and delayed its use for many years.
Shoreham finally won its operation license. But the plant has never produced a watt power. Governor Mario Cuomo, an opponent of a Shoreharn start up, used his power to force's publicities commission to accept the following settlement: the power company could pass the cost of Shoreham along to its consumers only if it agreed not to operate the plant. Today, a perfectly good facility, capable of servicing hundreds of thousands of homes, sits rusting.
96.The author's attitude towards the development of nuclear power is _____.
A.negative
B.neutral
C.positive
D.questioning
97.What has made the procedure for licensing nuclear plants a bad dream_____
A.The inefficiency of the Nuclear Regulation Commission.
B.The enormous cost of construction and operation.
C.The length of time it takes to make investigations.
D.The objection of the opponents of nuclear power.
98.It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that _____.
A.there are not enough safety measures in theUSAfor running new nuclear power plants
B.it is not technical difficulties that prevent the building of nuclear power plants in theUSA
C.there are already more nuclear power plants than necessary in theUSA
D.the American government will not allow Japanese nuclear reactors to be installed in theUSA
99.Governor Mario Cuomo's chief intention in proposing the settlement was to _____.
A.stop the Shoreham plant from going into operation
B.urge the power company to further increase its power supply
C.permit the Shoreham plant to operate under certain conditions
D.help the power company to solve its financial problems
100.From which sentence of the article can you see the attitude of the author and that of Governor Mario Cuomo respectively_____
A.the 2nd sentence in the first paragraph, the 3rd sentence in the last paragraph.
B.the last sentence, the last sentence but one
C.the last sentence in para.2, last sentence but one.
D.the last sentence in para.3, the 3rd sentence in the fifth paragraph.
第6题
(15 minutes)
Directions :
Read the following text. Choose the best word or phrase for each numbered blank and mark A , B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET1.
In addition to the established energy sources such as gas ,coal ,oil and nuclear ,there are a num-ber of other sources that we ought to consider. Two of these are hydroelectric and tidal power. These two sources are (21) in that they are both renewable. (22) ,hydropower is more widely used than tidal.ln (23) ,a substantial amount of electricity is already produced in HEP (hydroelectric power)stations worldwide, (24) tidal stations are stillin the very early (25) of development. .
As far as geographical (26) is concerned ,HEP projects are to be found on lakes and rivers, whiletidal (27)are constructed only at river mouths where tidal (28) is great .Unfortunately these are (29) in number. At present HEP stations are found mainly in Norway ,Canada ,Sweden and Brazil ,whereas tidal plants are in (30) in France ,Russia and China.
As regards capital (31) ,both require very high..investment. On the other hand ,generating(32) are quite low in both cases .ln fact,a large scale HEP plant is capable of producing power more (33) than conventional sources ,such as coal ,oil and nuclear plants. Tidal power also com-pares (34) with nuclear and oil generated electricity, (35) the amount of money on production.
(36) HEP stations ,tidalconstructions have alonglife (37).Itis estimated thatthey can operate foroverl00 years. With respect to (38) 0f supply ,tidal stations (39) from HEP ones in that they often can only supply power (40). HEP stations ,however ,provide a constant supply of elec-tricity.
21.
[ A] compatible
[ B ] parallel
[ C] similar
[ D] identical
第7题
Section A – This ONE question is compulsory and MUST be attempted
Hesket Nuclear (HN) is a nuclear power station in Ayland, a large European country. The HN plant is operated by Hesket Power Company (HPC), which in turn is wholly owned by the government of Ayland. Initially opened in the late 1950s, the power station grew in subsequent decades by the addition of several other facilities on the same site. HN now has the ability to generate 5% of Ayland’s entire electricity demand and is one of the largest nuclear stations in Europe. At each stage of its development from the 1950s to the present day, development on the site was welcomed by the relevant local government authorities, by the businesses that have supported it, by the trade union that represents the majority of employees (called Forward Together or FT for short) and also by the national Ayland government. A nuclear reprocessing facility was added in the 1980s. This is a valuable source of overseas income as nuclear power producers in many other parts of the world send material by sea to HN to be reprocessed. This includes nuclear producers in several developing countries that rely on the cheaper reprocessed fuel (compared to ‘virgin’ fuel) that HN produces.
HPC is loss-making and receives a substantial subsidy each year from the government of Ayland. HPC has proven itself uneconomic but is deemed politically and environmentally necessary as far as the government is concerned. The government of Ayland has reluctantly accepted that large subsidies to HPC will be necessary for many years but considers nuclear power to be a vital component of its energy portfolio (along with other energy sources such as oil, gas, coal, renewables and hydroelectric) and also as a key part of its ‘clean’ energy strategy. Unlike energy from fossil fuels (such as coal, gas and oil), nuclear power generates a negligible amount of polluting greenhouse gas. HN also provides much needed employment in an otherwise deprived part of the country. The HN power station underpins and dominates the economy of its local area and local government authorities say that the HN plant is vital to the regional economy.
Since it opened, however, the HN power station has been controversial. Whilst being welcomed by those who benefi t from it in terms of jobs, trade, reprocessing capacity and energy, a coalition has gradually built up against it comprising those sceptical about the safety and environmental impact of nuclear power. Some neighbouring countries believe themselves to be vulnerable to radioactive contamination from the HN plant. In particular, two countries, both of whom say their concerns about HN arise because of their geographical positions, are vocal opponents. They say that their geographical proximity forced them to be concerned as they are affected by the location of the HN plant which was not of their choosing.
The government of Beeland, whose capital city is 70 km across the sea from HN (which is situated on the coast), has consistently opposed HN and has frequently asked the government of Ayland to close HN down. The Beeland government claims that not only does ‘low-level’ emission from the site already contaminate the waters separating the two countries but it also claims that any future major nuclear ‘incident’ would have serious implications for the citizens of Beeland. There is some scientifi c support for this view although opinion is divided over whether Beeland is being irrational in its general opposition to HN.
The government of Ceeland is also a vocal opponent of HN. Ceeland is located to the north of Beeland and approximately 500 km away from Ayland. Some nuclear scientists have said that with such a large stretch of water between the HN plant and Ceeland, even a much-feared incident would be unlikely to seriously impact on Ceeland. Some commentators have gone further and said that Ceeland’s concerns are unfounded and ‘borne of ignorance’. FT, the trade union for HN employees, issued a statement saying that Ceeland had no reason to fear HN and that its fears were ‘entirely groundless’.
HN’s other vocal and persistent opponent is No Nuclear Now (NNN), a well-organised and well-funded campaigning group. Describing itself on its website as ‘passionate about the environment’, it describes HN’s social and environmental footprint as ‘very negative’. NNN has often pointed to an environmentally important colony of rare seals living near the HN plant. It says that the seals are dependent on a local natural ecosystem around the plant and are unable to move, arguing that the animals are at signifi cant risk from low-level contamination and would have ‘no chance’ of survival if a more serious radioactive leak ever occurred. NNN points to such a leak that occurred in the 1970s, saying that such a leak proves that HN has a poor safety record and that a leak could easily recur.
Each time an objection to the HN power station is raised, FT, the trade union, robustly defends the HN site in the media, and argues for further investment, based on the need to protect the jobs at the site. Furthermore, the radiation leak in the 1970s led to FT uniting with the HPC board to argue against those stakeholders that wanted to use the leak as a reason to close the HN site. The combination of union and HPC management was able to counter the arguments of those asking for closure.
HN places a great deal of emphasis on its risk management and often publicises the fact that it conducts continual risk assessments and is in full compliance with all relevant regulatory frameworks. Similarly, FT recently pointed out that HN has had an ‘impeccable’ safety record since the incident in the 1970s and says on its website that it is ‘proud’ that its members are involved in ensuring that the company is continually in full compliance with all of the regulatory requirements placed upon it.
The board of HPC, led by chairman Paul Gog, is under continual pressure from the government of Ayland to minimise the amount of government subsidy. Each year, the government places challenging targets on the HPC board requiring stringent cost controls at the HN power station. In seeking to reduce maintenance costs on the expiry of a prior maintenance contract last year, the board awarded the new contract to an overseas company that brought its own workers in from abroad rather than employing local people. The previous contract company was outraged to have lost the contract and the move also triggered an angry response from the local workforce and from FT, the representative trade union.
FT said that it was deplorable that HPC had awarded the contract to an overseas company when a domestic company in Ayland could have been awarded the work. The union convenor, Kate Allujah, said that especially in the nuclear industry where safety was so important, domestic workers were ‘more reliable’ than foreign workers who were brought in purely on the basis of cost and in whose countries safety standards in similar industries might not be so stringent. HPC said that it had done nothing illegal as the foreign workers were allowed to work in Ayland under international legal treaties. Furthermore, it argued that pressure by FT to raise wages over recent years had created, with the government’s subsidy targets, the cost pressure to re-tender the maintenance contract.
On HN’s 50th anniversary last year, NNN published what it called a ‘risk assessment’ for the HN power station. It said it had calculated the probabilities (P) and impacts (I) of three prominent risks.
Risk of major radioactive leak over the next 10 years: P = 10%, I = 20
Risk of nuclear explosion over the next 50 years: P = 20%, I = 100
Risk of major terrorist attack over next 10 years: P = 10%, I = 80
Impacts were on an arbitrary scale of 1–100 where 100 was defi ned by NNN as ‘total nuclear annihilation of the area and thousands of deaths’.
The governments of Beeland and Ceeland seized upon the report, saying that it proved that HN is a genuine threat to their security and should be immediately closed and decommissioned. HN’s risk manager, Keith Wan, vigorously disagreed with this assessment saying that the probabilities and the impacts were ‘ridiculous’, massively overstated and intended to unnecessarily alarm people. HN’s public relations offi ce was also angry about it and said it would issue a rebuttal statement.
Required:
(a) Distinguish between voluntary and involuntary stakeholders, identifying both types of stakeholders in Hesket Nuclear. Assess the claims of THREE of the involuntary ‘affected’ stakeholders identifi ed. (12 marks)
(b) The trade union, Forward Together, has had a long relationship with HN and represents not only the main workforce but also the employees of the maintenance company replaced by the foreign workers.
Required:
Explain the roles of employee representatives such as trade unions in corporate governance and critically evaluate, from the perspective of HPC’s board, the contribution of Forward Together in the governance of HPC. (10 marks)
(c) Explain what an agency relationship is and examine the board of HPC’s current agency relationship and objectives. Briefl y explain how these would differ if HPC was a company with private shareholders. (10 marks)
(d) As a part of HPC’s public relations effort, it has been proposed that a response statement should be prepared for the company’s website to help address two major challenges to their reputation.
Required:
Draft this statement to include the following:
(i) Referring to the NNN report, explain why accurate risk assessment is necessary at Hesket Nuclear. (8 marks)
(ii) Explain what a social and environmental ‘footprint’ is and construct the argument that HN’s overall social and environmental footprint is positive. (6 marks)
Professional marks will additionally be awarded in part (d) for drafting a statement that is clear, has a logical fl ow, is persuasive and is appropriately structured. (4 marks)
第9题
Obviously, nuclear power can never be the only (solve) ______ to energy crisis.
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