用蒙代尔—弗莱明模型预测在浮动和固定汇率下，对下面的每一种冲击作出反应，总收入、汇率和贸易余额会发生什么

变动：

a．消费者对未来信心的减少导致消费者支出减少而储蓄增多。

b．丰田公司引进新型生产线使一些消费者对外国汽车的偏好大于国产汽车。

c．引进自动取款机减少了货币需求。

Use the Mundell-Fleming model to predict what would happen to aggregate income, the exchange rate, and the trade balance under both floating and fixed exchange rates in response to each of the following shocks:

a．A fall in consumer confidence about the future induces consumers to spend less and save more.

b．The introduction of a stylish line of Toyotas makes some consumers prefer foreign cars over domestic cars.

e．The introduction of automatic teller machines reduces the demand for money.