在实际生活中，许多外来援助足被“振绑”住的。也就是说，援助往往带有条件，委求接受国将援助用于

购买援助国的产品。例如，法国为非洲的一，项灌溉计划提供资金，条件是水泵、管道和建筑设备必须优先从法国购买。这种援助条件对收入转移问题的分析会产生什么影响？从援助国的角度来看，这种条件有意义吗？你能设想出一种援助条件恶化了接受国福利的情形吗？

In practice much foreign aid is“ied"; that is， it comes with restrictions that require that the recipient spend the aid on goods from the donor country. For example， France might provide money for an irrigation project in Africa， on the condition that the pumps， pipelines， and construction equipment be purchased from France rather than from Japan. How does such tying of aid affect the transfer problem analysis？ Does tying of aid make sense from the donor's point of view？ Can you think of a scenario in which tied aid actually makes the recipient worse off？