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[主观题]

Questions 31～35 are based on the following passage． Public distrust of scientists stems i

n part from the blurring of boundaries between science and technology，between discovery and manufacture． Most government，perhaps all governments，justify public expenditure on scientific research in terms of the economic benefits the scientific enterprise ha brought in the past and will bring in the future． Politicians remind their voters of the splendid machines ‘our scientists’ have invented，the new drugs to relieve old ailments （病痛），and the new surgical equipment and techniques by which previously intractable （难治疗的） conditions may now be treated and lives saved． At the same time，the politicians demand of scientists that they tailor their research to ‘economics needs’，that they award a higher priority to research proposals that are ‘near the market’ and can be translated into the greatest return on investment in the shortest time． Dependent，as they are，on politicians for much of their funding，scientists have little choice but to comply． Like the rest of us，they are members of a society that rates the creation of wealth as the greatest possible good． Many have reservations，but keep them to themselves in what they perceive as a climate hostile to the pursuit of understanding for its own sake and the idea of an inquiring，creative spirit．

In such circumstances no one should be too hard on people who are suspicious of conflicts of interest． When we learn that the distinguished professor assuring us of the safety of a particular product holds a consultancy with the company making it，we cannot be blamed for wondering whether his fee might conceivably cloud his professional judgment． Even if the professor holds no consultancy with any firm，some people many still distrust him because of his association with those who do，or at least wonder about the source of some his research funding．

This attitude can have damaging effects． It questions the integrity of individuals working in a profession that prizes intellectual honesty as the supreme virtue，and plays into the hands of those who would like to discredit scientists by representing then a venal （可以收买的）． This makes it easier to dismiss all scientific pronouncements，but especially those made by the scientists who present themselves as ‘experts’． The scientist most likely to understand the safety of a nuclear reactor，for example，is a nuclear engineer declares that a reactor is unsafe，we believe him，because clearly it is not to his advantage to lie about it． If he tells us it is safe，on the other hand，we distrust him，because he may well be protecting the employer who pays his salary．

第31题：What is the chief concern of most governments when it comes to scientific research？

A．Support from the votes．

B．The reduction of public expenditure．

C．Quick economics returns．

D．The budget for a research project．

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更多“Questions 31～35 are based on t…”相关的问题

第1题

Passage ThreeQuestions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage. What are the specific

Passage Three

Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.

What are the specific traits that will assist executives to climb the ladder of success？ Opinions vary widely. Given approximately equal qualifications and circumstances，some claim the success factor is largely a matter of luck-being in the right place at the right time. Others speak of an almost crazy devotion to work，combined with a degree of ruthlessness. One “expert” maintains that it's undoubtedly a matter of how much education your mother had.

To make it big，executives must possess four basic skills：

First，drive. Business success takes an unusual amount of energy. A successful executive-almost by definition-is a striver. He will get tense when he is not striving.

Second，people sense. Some say being able to judge people is more important than a high IQ. The skill can be instinctual(本能的)，but in most cases it is painstakingly learned.

Third，communications ability. Different executives make themselves understood in different ways. Some transmit ideas best face to face；others are masters of the telephone call；still others are persuasive writers. One way or another，they all communicate clearly.

Fourth，calm under pressure. No businessman will get very far if he chokes up.

Some people claim that besides hard work，the success also requires______.

A. equal qualifications

B. specific traits

C. much education

D. a degree of cruelty

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第2题

Questions 26 to 35 are based on the following passage.The method for making beer has chang

Questions 26 to 35 are based on the following passage.

The method for making beer has changed over time. Hops (啤酒花)，for example, which give many a modem beer its bitter flavor, are a (26)_______ recent addition to the beverage. This was first mentioned in reference to brewing in the ninth century. Now, researchers have found a (27)_______ingredient in residue (残留物)from 5,000-year-old beer brewing equipment. While digging two pits at a site in the central plains of China, scientists discovered fragments from pots and vessels. The different shapes of the containers (28)_______ they were used to brew, filter, and store beer. They may be ancient “beer-making tools,” and the earliest (29_______ evidence of beer brewing in China, the researchers reported in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. To (30)_______ that theory, the team examined the yellowish, dried (31)_______ inside the vessels. The majority of the grains, about 80%, were from cereal crops like barley (大麦),and about 10% were bits of roots, (32)_______lily,which would have made the beer sweeter, the scientists say. Barley was an unexpected find: the crop was domesticated in Western Eurasia and didn&39;t become a (33)_______food in central China until about 2,000 years ago, according to the researchers. Based on that timing, they indicate barley may have (34)_______ in the region not as food, but as (35)_______material for beer brewing.

A) Arrived

B) consuming

C) direct

D) exclusively

E) including

F) inform

G) raw

H) reached

I) relatively

J) remains

K)resources

L) staple

M) suggest

N) surprising

O) test

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第3题

Passage ThreeQuestions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage. The physicist investig

Passage Three

Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.

The physicist investigating the relationship between time and space, the chemist exploring the properties of a new substance, the biologist probing the mysteries of the continuity of life. and the anthropologist(人类学家)searching for human origins share a common trait(特征), curiosity. Not that nonscientist are not curious；most people possess this characteristic. The scientist, however, uses a specific method to make researches into these enigmatic(难以理解的)problems-the scientific method.

Unfortunately, science and its method are misunderstood, the multiplication of our knowledge in medicine and technology has led to the idea that science can cure all and explain all and that only enough time, money and intelligence are needed. In truth. science cannot provide all answers. In fact, many phenomena are not even subject to scientific explanations.

On the other side of the coin, science has been attacked as a cause of most contemporary problems. It is said to be responsible for the depersonalization(使失去个性)of the individual, for stripping(夺去)creativity from human behavior, and for creating massive threats to the species through the development of nuclear power, insecticides, and polluting machinery. If we analyze the situation, we can see that it was not the original intent of the people who developed computers to debase humankind, nor was mass production proposed as a method to crush creativity. It is what society, policymakers especially, does with scientific achievements that makes them social or antisocial. There is nothing inherently good or bad about science.

Which of the following is the main topic of the passage？

A. Scientists and their curiosity.

B. Science and scientific method.

C. Understandings of science.

D. Misunderstandings of science.

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第4题

Assistant To Public Relations Manager Business Press is the world's most respected publish

Assistant To Public Relations Manager

Business Press is the world's most respected publisher of business news. PR and publicity play (29) essential part in ensuring our continued (30) and this is an outstanding opportunity that (31) also be the start of a career (32) Public Relations.

(33) directly to our PR Manager, you will run her office and learn quickly to do just about everything. Filing documents, taking calls (34) journalists and answering their questions are all included in (35) You will also help to organise events and visits, prepare reports (36) month and generally help to run an efficient press office.

The perfect candidate will have a (37) standard of education, strong communication skills and an excellent telephone (38) Professional secretarial qualifications are an advantage. A minimum of two years' experience, (39) should be within a busy office, is essential. You will be confident, have a smart professional appearance and be in a hurry to (40) things done'.

(29)

A．an

B．each

C．the

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第5题

Passage ThreeQuestions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage. During the Christmas s

Passage Three

Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.

During the Christmas shopping rush in London, a story was reported of a tramp(流浪者)who, apparently no fault of his own, found himself locked in a well. known chain store late on Christmas Eve. No doubt the store was crowded with last. minute Christmas shoppers and the staff were dead beat and longing to get home. Presumably all the proper security checks were made before the store was locked and they left to enjoy the three-day holiday untroubled by customers desperate to get last-minute. Christmas presents.

However that may be, our tramp found himself alone in the store and decided to make the best of if. There was food, drink, bedding and camping equipment, of which he made good use. There must also have been television sets and radios. Though it was not reported if he took advantage of these facilities, when the shop re-opened, he was discovered in bed with a large number of empty bottles beside him. He seems to have been a man of good humor and philosophic temperament-as indeed tramps very commonly are. Everyone else was enjoying Christmas, so he saw no good reason why he should not do the same. He submitted(屈服), cheerful enough, to being taken away by the police. Perhaps he had had a better Christmas than usual. He was sent to prison for seven days. The judge awarded no compensation to the chain store for the food and drink our tramp had consumed. They had, in his opinion, already received valuable free publicity from the coverage the store received in the newspapers and on television.

The tramp was locked in the store______.

A. through an error of his own

B. due to the mistake of Christmas shoppers

C. by accident

D. through a trick of his

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第6题

Passage ThreeQuestions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage. In a family where the

Passage Three

Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.

In a family where the roles of men and women are not sharply separated and where many household tasks are shared to a greater or lesser extent，notions of superiority are hard to maintain. The pattern of sharing in tasks and in decisions makes for equality，and this in turn leads to further sharing. In such a home，the growing boy and girl learn to accept that equality more easily than did their parents and to prepare more fully for participation in a world characterized by cooperation rather than by the “battle of sexes”.

If the process goes too far and man's role is regarded as less important-and that has happened in some cases-we are as badly off as before. only in reverse. It is time to reassess the role of the man in the American family. We are getting a little tired of “Momism” -but we don't want to exchange it for a “neo-Popism” . What we need，rather，is the recognition that bringing up children involves a partnership of equals. There are signs that psychiatrists，psychologists，social workers，and specialists on the family are becoming more aware of the part men play and that they have decided that women should not receive all the credits-nor all the blame. We have almost given up saying that a woman's place is in the home. We are beginning，however，to analyze man's place in the home and to insist that he does have a place in it. Nor is that place irrelevant to the healthy development of the child. The family is a cooperative enterprise for which it is difficult to lay down rules，because each family needs to work out its own ways for solving its own problems. Excessive authoritarianism has unhappy consequences，whether it wears skirts or trousers，and the ideal of equal rights and equal responsibilities is pertinent(与……有关)not only to a healthy family but also to a healthy democracy.

Sharing tasks and decisions in a family leads to______.

A. monism

B. neo-popism

C. inequality

D. further sharing

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第7题

Passage ThreeQuestions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage. In the late 1960's man

Passage Three

Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.

In the late 1960's many people in North America turned their attention to environmental problems，and new steel-and-glass skyscrapers(摩天楼)were widely criticized. Scientists pointed out that blocks of tall buildings in a city often overburdens. public transportation and parking lot capacities.

Skyscrapers are also big consumers，and wasters，of electric power. In one recent year. the addition of 17 million square feet of skyscraper office space in New York City raised the peak daily demand for electricity by 120，000 kilowatts-enough to supply the entire city of Albany，New York，for a day.

Glass-walled skyscrapers can be especially wasteful. The heat loss(or gain)through a wall of half-inch plate glass is more than ten times that through a typical brick wall filled with insulation board. To lessen the strain on heating and air-conditioning equipment，builders of skyscrapers have begun to use double-glazed(装上玻璃的)panels of glass，and reflective glasses coated with silver or gold mirror films that reduce glare as well as heat gain. However. mirror-walled skyscrapers raise the temperature of the surrounding air and affect neighboring buildings.

Skyscrapers put a severe strain on a city's sanitation(卫生)facilities，too. If fully occupied, the two World Trade Center towers in New York City would alone generate 2.25 million gallons of raw wastes each year-as much as a city the size of Stamford，Connecticut，which has a population of more than 109，000.

Skyscrapers also interfere with television reception，block bird flyways，and obstruct air traffic. In Boston in the late 1960's，some people even feared that shadows from skyscrapers would kill the grass on Boston Common.

Still，people continue to build skyscrapers for all the reasons that they have always built them-personal ambition(抱负)pride，and the desire of owners to have the largest possible amount of rentable space.

The main purpose of the passage is to______.

A. compare skyscrapers with other modem structures

B. describe skyscrapers and their effect on the environment

C. advocate the use of masonry(化妆舞会)in the construction of skyscrapers

D. illustrate some architectural designs of skyscrapers

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第8题

根据下面材料，回答第 31～35 题： In 2010. a federal judge shook America's biotech indust

根据下面材料，回答第 31～35 题：

In 2010. a federal judge shook America's biotech industry to its core. Companies had won patents for isolated DNA for decades-by 2005 some 20% of human genes were parented. But in March 2010 a judge ruled that genes were unpatentable. Executives were violently agitated. The Biotechnology Industry Organisation (BIO), a trade group, assured members that this was just a “preliminary step” in a longer battle.

On July 29th they were relieved, at least temporarily. A federal appeals court overturned the prior decision, ruling that Myriad Genetics could indeed hold patents to two genes that help forecast a woman's risk of breast cancer. The chief executive of Myriad, a company in Utah, said the ruling was a blessing to firms and patients alike.

But as companies continue their attempts at personalised medicine, the courts will remain rather busy. The Myriad case itself is probably not over. Critics make three main arguments against gene patents: a gene is a product of nature, so it may not be patented; gene patents suppress innovation rather than reward it; and patents' monopolies restrict access to genetic tests such as Myriad's. A growing number seem to agree. Last year a federal task-force urged reform. for patents related to genetic tests. In October the Department of Justice filed a brief in the Myriad case, arguing that an isolated DNA molecule “is no less a product of nature... than are cotton fibres that have been separated from cotton seeds.”

Despite the appeals court's decision, big questions remain unanswered. For example, it is unclear whether the sequencing of a whole genome violates the patents of individual genes within it. The case may yet reach the Supreme Court.

AS the industry advances, however, other suits may have an even greater impact. Companies are unlikely to file many more patents for human DNA molecules - most are already patented or in the public domain .firms are now studying how genes interact, looking for correlations that might be used to determine the causes of disease or predict a drug’s efficacy. Companies are eager to win patents for ‘connecting the dots’, explains Hans Sauer, a lawyer for the BIO.

Their success may be determined by a suit related to this issue, brought by the Mayo Clinic, which the Supreme Court will hear in its next term. The BIO recently held a convention which included sessions to coach lawyers on the shifting landscape for patents. Each meeting was packed.

第 31 题 It can be learned from paragraph I that the biotech companies would like______

A．their executives to be active

B．judges to rule out gene patenting

C．genes to be patentable

D．the BIO to issue a warning

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第9题

An important factor of leadership is attraction. This does not mean attractiveness in the
ordinary sense, for that is a born quality (21) our control. The leader has, nevertheless, to be a magnet; a central figure towards whom people are (22) Magnetism in that sense depends, first of all, (23) being seen. There is a type of authority which can be (24) from behind closed doors, but that is not leadership. (25) there is movement and action, the true leader is in the forefront and may seem, indeed, to be everywhere at once. He has to become a legend; the (26) for anecdotes, whether true or (27) , character. One of the simplest devices is to be absent (28) the occasion when the leader might be (29) to be there, enough in itself to start a rumor about the vital business (30) has detained him. To (31) up for this, he can appeal when least expected, giving rise to another story about the interest he can display (32) things which other folks might (33) as trivial. With this gift for (34) curiosity the leader always combines a reluctance to talk about himself. His interest is (35) in other people; he questions them and encourages them to talk and then remembers all (36) is relevant. He never leaves a party (37) he has mentally formed a minimum dossier (档案) on (38) present, ensuring that he knows (39) to say when he meets them again. He is not artificially extrovert but he would usually rather listen (40) talk. Others realize gradually that his importance needs no proof.

A．in

B．beyond

C．under

D．of

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第10题

It is well known that teenage boys tend to do better at math than girls, that male high sc
hool students are more likely 【26】______ their female counterparts to tackle advanced math courses like calculus, that 【27】______ all the great mathematicians have been men. Are women born with 【28】______ mathematical ability？ Or does society's sexism 【29】______ their progress？ In 1980, two Johns Hopkins University researchers tried to 【30】______ the eternal nature/nurture debate. Julian Stanley and Camilla Benbow have 【31】______ 10,000 talented seventh and eighth 【32】______ between 1972 and 1979. Using the Scholastic Aptitude Test, 【33】______ math questions are meant to measure ability rather than knowledge, they discovered 【34】______ sex differences. 【35】______ the verbal abilities of the males and females 【36】______ differed, twice as 【37】______ boys as girls scored over 500 (on a scale of 200 to 800) on mathematical ability; at the 700 level, the ratio was 14 【38】______ l. The conclusion: males have 【39】______ superior mathematical reasoning ability. Benbow and Stanley's findings, 【40】______ were published in "Science", 【41】______ some men and women. Now there is comfort for those people in a new study from the University of Chicago that suggests math is not, after all, a natural male 【42】______ Prof. Zalman Usiskin studied 1,366 high school students. They were selected from geometry classes and tested 【43】______ their ability to solve geometry proofs, a subject requiring 【44】______ abstract reasoning and spatial ability. The conclusion 【45】______ by Usiskin: there are no sex differences in math ability.

【26】

A．and

B．than

C．with

D．on

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