Language is entirely arbitrary. ()
Language is entirely arbitrary. ()
Language is entirely arbitrary. ()
第1题
A. Resulting entirely from personal inclination
B. That are willful and despotic
C. Created at random or without reason
D. Determinable by decision of a judge
第2题
From what has been said, it must be clear that no one can
make very positive statements about how language originated.
There is no material in any language today and in the earliest (1)
records of ancient languages show us language in a new and (2)
emerging state. It is often said, of course, that the language (3)
originated in cries of anger, fear, pain and pleasure, and the (4)
necessary evidence is entirely lacking: there are no remote
tribes, no ancient records, providing evidence of
a language with a large proportion of such cries (5)
than we find in English. it is true that the absence
of such evidence does not disprove the theory, but in (6)
other grounds too the theory is not very attractive.
People of all races and languages make rather similar
noises in return to pain or pleasure. The fact that(7)
such noises are similar on the lips of Frenchmen
and Malaysians whose languages are utterly different,
serves to emphasize on the fundamental difference(8)
between these noises and language proper. We may
say that the cries of pain or chortles of amusement
are largely reflex actions, instinctive to ∧ large extent, (9)
whereas language proper does not consist of signs
but of these that have to be learnt and that are (10)
第3题
36.Which of the following statements is the view of psycholinguists?
A. The cognitive view of language learning says that only human beings can learn language because it is an outgrowth of the structure of the human mind.
B. Other animals simply could master a language.
C. The animals intellectual capacity is much better than human beings.
D. Language is developed by learning.
37.The behaviorists’ view is that __________.
A. language is actually an outgrowth of intellectual structure of the animal’s mind
B. animals have not developed communications system
C. given enough patience, a man should be able to teach an animal some sort of language
D. only human beings can learn language
38.That an animal can master a simple language means that __________.
A. human’s intellectual structure is not important
B. animals’ intellectual capacity and brain structure are more similar to the humans’
C. the learning techniques are much more important
D. language is developed completely by learning
39.The main idea of paragraph two is ___________.
A. teaching a chimp language is not crucial test of the two theories
B. their brain structure is not similar to human
C. using various methods to let the chimp master a language
D. training a nonhuman to use language is an amazing accomplishment
40.The best title for this passage would be _________.
A. Animals’ language
B. Human’s language
C. Teaching Animals’ Language
D. Can Other Animals Acquire Language?
第4题
The development of a scientific approach to chemistry was, however, hampered by several factors. The most serious problem was the vast range of material available and the consequent difficulty of organizing it into some system. In addition, there 'were social and intellectual difficulties, chemistry is nothing if not practical, those who practice it must use their hands, they must have a certain practical flair. Yet in many ancient civilizations, practical tasks were primarily the province of a slave population. The thinker or philosopher stood apart from this mundane world, where the practical arts appeared to lack any intellectual content or interest.
The final problem for early chemical science was the element of secrecy. Experts in specific trades had developed their own techniques and guarded their knowledge to prevent others from stealing their livelihood. Another factor that contributed to secrecy was the esoteric nature of the knowledge of alchemists, who were trying to transform. base metals into gold or were concerned with the hunt for the elixir that would bestow the blessing of eternal life. In one sense, the second of these was the more serious impediment because the records of the chemical processes that early alchemists had discovered were often written down in symbolic language intelligible to very few or in symbols that were purposely obscure.
What is the passage mainly about?
A.The scientific revolution in the seventeenth century.
B.Reasons that chemistry developed slowly as a science.
C.The practical aspects of chemistry.
D.Difficulties of organizing chemical knowledge systematically.
第5题
summarize the main message of the excerpt, and then
comment on whether we should use animals for experimentation purpose or not
You should support yourself with information from the excerpt.
Marks will be awarded for content relevance, content sufficiency, organization and language quality. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.
Historical Debate on Animal Experimentation
As the experimentation on animals increased, especially the practice of vivisection, so did criticism and controversy. In 1655, the advocate of Galenic physiology Edmund O'Meara said that "the miserable torture of vivisection places the body in an unnatural state." O'Meara and others argued that animal physiology could be affected by pain during vivisection, rendering results unreliable. There were also objections on an ethical basis, contending that the benefit to humans did not justify the harm to animals. Early objections to animal testing also came from another angle — many people believed that animals were inferior to humans and so different that results from animals could not be applied to humans.
On the other side of the debate, those in favor of animal testing held that experiments on animals were necessary to advance medical and biological knowledge. Claude Bernard — who is sometimes known as the " prince of vivisectors" and the father of physiology, and whose wife, Marie Frangoise Martin, founded the first anti-vivisection society in France in 1883 — famously wrote in 1865 that "the science of life is a superb and dazzlingly lighted hall which may be reached only by passing through a long and ghastly kitchen . Arguing that experiments on animals ...are entirely conclusive for the toxicology and hygiene of man ... the effects of these substances are the same on man as on animals, save for differences in degree, Bernard established animal experimentation as part of the standard scientific method.
第6题
Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?
A.bang
B.typewriter
C.tree
D.crash
第9题
Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?
A.tree
B.crash
C.typewriter
D.bang
第10题
The Yueyang pavilion is constructed entirely from wood.()
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